Merchant of Venice – Shylock

Shylock is â€Å"The Merchant of Venice† In William Shakespeare’s â€Å"The Merchant of Venice,† there are numerous subjects, images and words the same which take on an unpredictable and double nature. Not exclusively can lines in the play be deciphered by the crowd in numerous manners, they are intended to have different implications. This duality can be found in the characters too. Shylock is depicted as both a casualty and a scoundrel and our feeling of him advances as his character is uncovered to us as â€Å"The Merchant of Venice. We are first acquainted with Shylock in Act I Scene III when we find out about his activity as a moneylender. During this timeframe, Jewish individuals were constrained in the occupations they could acquire; they were looked downward on by, and on the edge of, society. While the Christians could loan cash, it was unethical and against chapel rule for them to charge any kind of premium, it was usurious. Be that as it may, there wa s nothing to restrict Jewish moneylenders from getting by charging premium. They did as such to endure and were scorned for such a â€Å"immoral and disgraceful† practice. Bassanio goes to Shylock for an advance to be given in Antonio's name. Upon Antonio’s entering, Shylock shows his hatred for Antonio in an aside, â€Å"How like a groveling publican he looks! /I despise him for he is Christian,/yet more for that in low straightforwardness/he loans out cash gratis†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (1. 1. 41-45). His disdain is double in nature; Antonio loans cash without enthusiasm compromising the presence of his activity as a moneylender. Likewise, Antonio is partial against the Jews and has embarrassed and offended Shylock openly for the two his loaning practices and his religion. This is uncovered when Shylock asks Antonio for what good reason he ought to loan cash to somebody who has, â€Å"†¦rated me/About my funds and my usuances†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (1. 3. 117-118) â€Å"You call me skeptic, merciless pooch/And spet upon my Jewish Gaberdine†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (1. 3. 121-122). Shylock couldn't fight back the partiality, and needed to endure the maltreatment, â€Å"Still have I borne it with a patient shrug/for toleration is the identification of all our tribe† (1. 3. 119-120). This depicts Shylock as an individual who is deceived and powerless against the bias and prejudice present in that society. Antonio asks that Shylock see the credit not as a loaning of cash to a companion, yet â€Å"rather to thine adversary,/Who, on the off chance that he break, thou mayst with better face/Exact the penalty† (1. 3. 145-146). Shylock is currently given control over the destiny of the credit, Bassanio’s wanted quest for Portia and the decision of bond for the advance. It is an opportunity for Shylock’s to look for requital from Antonio by and by, yet for a bigger scope Christian culture in general. To additionally propel his position, he addresses Antonio as a companion, â€Å"I would be companions with you, and have your affection,/Forget the disgraces that you have recolored me with† (1. . 149-150). Shylock’s skeptically conditioned difference in heart toward Antonio makes it understood his pretended kinship may, most likely, be persuaded by ulterior interests. Now, there is a generous move in the character of Shylock from being that of a casualty to th at of a miscreant. Shylock isn't keen on getting unimportant enthusiasm on target he loans, he needs a reclamation and retribution for himself and his kin which no measure of cash will fulfill for him. The childish, eager, usurous Jew many need to describe Shylock as is done being guided by a money related signal. He is currently apparently overwhelmed by a brutal bleak want for vengeance. He has gotten energetically clever, malignant and vindictive, â€Å"†¦let the relinquish/Be designated for an equivalent pound/Of your reasonable tissue, [possibly instead of his somewhat darker Jewish flesh] to be cut off and taken/In what part of your body pleaseth me† (1. 3. 160-163). He uncovers the profundities of his discontent and his longing for retribution when he says, â€Å"I will have the core of him on the off chance that he forfeit† (3. 2. 125-126). It isn't some time before Shylock gets news from Tubal that some of Antonio’s armada has happened upon incident and he must choose the option to break his bond. Shylock pronounces, â€Å"I am happy of it. I'll torment him, I'll/torment him, I am happy of it† (3. 1. 115-116). The capture of Antonio for inability to opportune compensation his bond sets what is legitimately owed to and purchased and paid for by Shylock. There is no uncertainty that Shylock has each expectation of gathering this ridiculous bond, his over the top disdain for Antonio gets obvious, â€Å"I’ll have my bond. Talk not against my bond. I have made a solemn vow that I will have my bond†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (3. 3. 5-6). Shylock has changed from segregated quelled Jew to detested cash loan specialist to lethal vindictive miscreant. During the preliminary scene, Shylock plainly appreciates the expected bond which is because of him, he whets his blade on his shoe in the court so he can, â€Å"cut the relinquishment from [Antonio]† (4. 1. 124). Shylock is steadfast in his craving. The pound of tissue is worth more to him than multiple times the measure of ducats owed. All the more in this way, he dismisses any intrigue to the perfect authorization of ercy, and accepts to have his bond is legitimately and ethically â€Å"right. † Shylock asks the Duke, â€Å"What judgment will I fear, doing no off-base? † (4. 1. 90) and states, â€Å"I want the law† (4. 1. 213). Despite the fact that he is lawfully entitled, Portia attempts to speak to his ethical commitment to show kindness. He isn't moved by this, and prepares to gather his bond. Now, the law is turned on Shylock. Portia reveals to Shylock he may have his bond, yet that, â€Å"This bond doth give thee here no scribble of blood†¦if thou dost shed/One drop of Christian blood, thy grounds and products/Are by the laws of Venice confiscate† (4. . 319-324). Shylock, understanding his ideal pound of tissue won't be his bond, consents to acknowledge the installment of the ducats. To this, Portia answers, â€Å"The Jew will have all equity. Delicate, no flurry! /He will have only the punishment. † Further, Portia proclaims, â€Å"It is ordered in the laws of Venice,/If it be demonstrated against an outsider/That by immediate or aberrant endeavors/He looks for the life of any citizen†¦the offender’s life lies in the kindness of the Duke. † Shylock is compelled to his knees to ask the Duke for Mercy. He is once more, the â€Å"Jew hound. † His life as it is a physical presence was saved. Shylock, would pick demise over the benevolence appeared to him by the Duke and Antonio, he asks the court to, â€Å"Take my life and all† (4. 1. 389). In giving him to keep half of his products, Antonio takes his personality, his religion, his essence. Antonio looks for that Shylock, â€Å"presently become a Christian;/The other, that he do record a blessing,/Here in the court, of all he bites the dust had/Unto his child Lorenzo and his daughter† (4. . 403-406). Life and Christianity have vanquished Shylock, they have taken his little girl and given him a Christian child to which he will undoubtedly leave all that he possesses. Shylock has been deprived of any force he may have once, assuming transitorily, had. He has been separated and deprived of his â€Å"merciless† religion. He is not, at this point wretched, he is abandoned. Shylock developed and changed as a cha racter, before us as a group of people similarly as our emotions, recognitions and feelings toward him.

My last farewell Essay

My Last Farewell (Mi Ultimo Adios) Goodbye, dear mother country, clime the sun caress’d, Ring of the Orient oceans, our Eden lost! Happily now I go to give thee this blurred life’s best, Furthermore, were it more splendid, fresher, or progressively fortunate, Still would I give three, not consider the consequences. On the field of fight, ‘mid the craze of battle, Others have given their lives, without question or beed; The spot not mattersâ€cypress or tree or lily white, Scafold or open plain, battle or martyrdom’s situation, ‘Tis ever the equivalent, to serve our home and country’s need. I bite the dust exactly when I see the day break In spite of the fact that the anguish of night, to proclaim the day; Also, if shading is deficient with regards to my blood thy shalt take, Pour’d out at requirement for they dear purpose, To color with its dark red the waking beam. My fantasies, when life originally opened to me, My fantasies when the expectations of youth beat high, Were to see thy lov’d face, O jewel of the Orient ocean, From misery and distress, from care and distress free; No redden on thy forehead, no tear in thine eyes. Dream of my life, my living and passionate longing, All hail! Emergency the spirit that is currently to take battle; All hail! Also, sweet it is for thee to terminate; To bite the dust for thy purpose, that thou may’st aim; What's more, rest in thy bloom eternity’s taxing night. In the event that over my grave some time or another thou seest develop, In the green turf, an unassuming blossom, Attract to thy lips and kiss my spirit along these lines, While I feel in my forehead vulnerable tomb underneath The extreme of thy delicacy, thy breath’s warm force. Let the moon pillar over me delicate and tranquil, Let the day break shed over me its brilliant flashes, Let the breeze dismal mourn over me sharp; Furthermore, if on my cross a winged animal ought to be seen, Let it thrill there is psalm of harmony to my hurts. Let the sun attract vapos up to the sky, What's more, heavenward in immaculateness bear my late dissent; Let some caring soul o’er my inopportune destiny murmur, Furthermore, in the as yet evening a supplication be lifted on high From that point, O my nation, that in God I may rest. Appeal to God for every one of those that hapless have passed on, For all who have endured the unmeasr’d torment; For our moms that harshly their hardships have cried; For widows and vagrants, for prisoners by torment attempted; And afterward for thyself that recovery thou mayst gain. Furthermore, when the dull night folds the burial ground over, With just the dead in their vigil to see; Break not my rest of thy riddle significant, What's more, perchance thou mayst bear a pitiful psalm resonate; ‘Tis I, O my nation, bringing up a melody unto thee. When even my elegance is recalled no more, Unmark’d by never a cross not a stone; Let the furrow move through it, the spade turn it o’er, That my remains may cover thy natural floor, Before into nothingness finally they are blown. At that point will blankness present to me no mind, As over thy ridges and fields I clear; Pulsating and purged in thy space and air, With shading and light, with melody and regret I passage, Ever rehashing the confidence I keep. My homeland ador’d, that bitterness to my distress loans, Dearest Filipino, hear now my last farewell! I give thee all; guardians and related companions; For I go where no slave before the oppressor twists, Where confidence can never murder, and God rules e’er on high! Goodbye to all, from my spirit torn away, Companions of my adolescence in the home confiscated! Express gratefulness that I rest from the wearisome day! Goodbye to thee, as well, sweet companion that helped my direction; Dearest animals all, goodbye! In death there is rest!

How Depression Is Diagnosed

How Depression Is Diagnosed Depression Diagnosis Print How Depression Is Diagnosed By Nancy Schimelpfening Nancy Schimelpfening, MS is the administrator for the non-profit depression support group Depression Sanctuary. Nancy has a lifetime of experience with depression, experiencing firsthand how devastating this illness can be. Learn about our editorial policy Nancy Schimelpfening Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on February 12, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 08, 2020 Depression Overview Types Symptoms Causes & Risk Factors Diagnosis Treatment Coping ADA & Your Rights Depression in Kids Jose Luis Pelaez Inc/ Blend Images / Getty Images In This Article Table of Contents Expand Self-Checks/At-Home Testing Tests and Scales Diagnosing Depression Diagnostic Changes How It All Fits Together View All The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is a handbook that provides guidelines for clinicians who diagnose psychiatric illnesses. Each condition is categorized and given a clear set of criteria that must be met for a diagnosis to be made.   The latest edition, commonly known as the DSM-5, was released by the American Psychiatric Association on May 18, 2013. It replaced the DSM-IV, which had been in use since 1994. As is the case with each new edition of the DSM, there were some changes made to the diagnostic criteria for certain disorders from the DSM-IV to DSM-5, including depression. Some disorders have been removed, while others have been modified or added.   The following is a look at how depression is diagnosed including an overview of the changes that came with the DSM-5 and what those changes mean for healthcare providers and patients.  Verywell / JR Bee   Self-Checks/At-Home Testing If you are concerned that you may be experiencing symptoms of depression, its essential that you reach out to a medical or mental health professional. While there are online resources, screenings, and quizzes, they do not always come from reliable sources and cannot definitively diagnose any medical or mental health condition.?? However, you may find it helpful to use an online quiz or screening tool to assess your symptoms and organize them to take to your doctor or therapist. Having this information on hand can help you broach the topic of depression. How to Talk to Your Doctor About Depression The online questionnaires will ask you about your life and your feelings. Often, they take the form of a checklist with many Yes or No questions that you check off if they apply to you. For example, you may be asked to check a box if the following questions are true for you: I feel hopeless, sad, and guilty.I have trouble falling and staying asleep.I have been eating more or less than usual and have noticed changes in my weight. While there is an abundance of self-tests for depression on the internet, they dont all come from reputable sources. You will not be able to self-diagnose a medical or mental health condition with a quiz or checklist, but these online tools can help you initiate a conversation with your doctor or therapist. Some questionnaires will ask you to rate your responses to a statement on a numerical scale. At one end, a 0 might indicate that a statement does not apply to you at all, and at the other end, a 10 might indicate that the statement applies to you all the time. For example, you might be asked to rate how much you identify with the following statements by selecting a number from 0 to 10, where 0 means Never and 10 means Always. I have trouble focusing or concentrating. I spend time with people that I care about.I have felt like the people in my life would be better off without me. Screening tools may also ask personal questions about your habits and lifestyle, such as whether you are married, go to work or school, or use substances. A medical or mental health professional will also ask you these types of questions to help rule out specific causes for depression, such as the loss of a spouse or job or the use of alcohol or drugs. What to Do If You Think Youre Depressed Tests and Scales Medical and mental health professionals use established, research-backed guidelines, screening tools, checklists, and other criteria to help them make a diagnosis of depression.?? A provider can use these tools to guide them through observing and talking to a person who might be experiencing symptoms of depression. For example, taking note of whether a person is showered and appropriately dressed, the tone and speed of their speech, and other aspects of their appearance and demeanor can provide clues. Asking direct questions about a persons day-to-day life and their feelings can also provide valuable insight into the cause of a persons depressive symptoms. In some cases, a person may have symptoms of depression but not have a major depressive disorderâ€"for example, if they are grieving the loss of a loved one. Providers also use these guidelines to go through a list of other possible causes for a persons symptoms that might be easily overlooked. Certain medical conditions and medications can cause symptoms of depression that will generally improve once the underlying cause is addressed. In these cases, the guidelines may suggest that a provider refers the person to a colleague for additional testing or examinations. For example, if a doctor thinks a persons symptoms could be stemming from a brain lesion, they may want them to see a neurologist or have an MRI scan. Can Depression Be Detected With a Blood Test? A person who is using alcohol or illicit drugs may have depressive symptoms that are related to their substance use. In this case, a screening tool may alert a doctor to test their blood or urine for certain drugs or refer them to an addiction treatment center. Changes in the DSM-5 While the DSM-5 doesnt introduce any new diagnostic tests for depression, it does promote a new “integrated” approach for clinicians to diagnose mental health disorders.??   Clinicians who were used to using the older methods for diagnosing depression didnt have to completely change how they approached the process with the DSM-5, as the new integrated approach is compatible with previous assessment tools.   Common Depression Tests and Scales Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9)Adolescent PHQ-9Beck Depression InventoryMajor Depression Inventory  Rome Depression InventoryChildren’s Depression Inventory  Zung Self-Rating Depression ScaleHamilton Rating Scale for DepressionCenter for Epidemiological Studies DepressionGeriatric Depression Scale New Tools for Assessing Suicide Risk The DSM-5 does include new scales for assessing suicide risk: one for adults and one for adolescents.?? These scales are intended to help clinicians identify suicide risk in patients as they are developing treatment plans.   The tools are included in the new Section III of the DSM-5 and are intended to better support clinicians in identifying risk factors for suicide as well as scales for assessing suicidal behaviors (which includes differentiating self-harm from suicide attempts).??   Suicide Warning Signs and Risk Factors Diagnosing Depression Instead of thinking about depression as being either present or absent (abnormal or normal), the new approach outlined in the DSM-5 considers the symptoms of mental health disorders as existing on a continuum. The severity of a person’s depression will depend on where their symptoms fall along the spectrum.?? Using an integrated approach to diagnosing depression allows clinicians to recognize and attend to the different ways in which each person they treat will experience depression.   Prior editions of the DSM outlined narrower approaches. The view could be problematic for doctors working with patients who did not necessarily fit into a specific diagnostic category or “box, and therefore may not respond well to standard treatments. DSM-5 Diagnostic Criteria To be diagnosed with major depression, a persons symptoms must fit the criteria outlined in the DSM-5.?? Feelings of sadness, low mood, and loss of interest in their usual activities must mark a change from a persons previous level of functioning and have persisted for at least two weeks. These feelings must also be accompanied by at least five other common symptoms of depression, including: Change in appetite, losing or gaining weightSleeping too much or not sleeping well (insomnia)Fatigue and low energy most daysFeeling worthless, guilty, and hopelessAn inability to focus and concentrate that may interfere with daily tasks at home, work, or schoolMovements that are unusually slow or agitated (a change which is often noticeable to others)Thinking about death and dying; suicidal ideation or suicide attempts These symptoms must cause the individual clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. The symptoms must not be a result of substance abuse or another medical condition. Doctors must rule out other mental health conditions that can have a depression component but are not strictly a major depressive disorder (e.g., bipolar disorder and schizoaffective disorder). To be diagnosed with major depression, a person must not have had a manic or hypomanic episode, which typically occurs in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disorder May Be Misdiagnosed as Depression Finally, to be diagnosed with major depression, a medical professional must determine that the persons symptoms dont have another cause, such as a medical condition, a side effect from a medication, or related to the use of illicit substances. No significant changes were made to the diagnostic criteria for major depressive disorder with the introduction of the DSM-5. The core symptoms, as well as the requirement for the symptoms to have lasted for at least two weeks, remain the same from previous editions.   The DSM-5 reminds clinicians to assess patients with depression for symptoms of mania and hypomania. The presence of these symptoms may indicate the new specifier for depression, “with mixed features,” should be added. Diagnostic Changes From DSM-IV to DSM-5 In addition to the diagnostic criteria for major depressive disorder, the changes published in the DSM-5 included the addition of new depressive mood disorders and specifiers. New Mood Disorders Added One major area of change in the DSM-5 was the addition of two new depressive disorders: disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD).?? The diagnosis of DMDD is reserved for children between the ages of 6 and 18 who demonstrate persistent irritability and frequent episodes of out-of-control behavior. The diagnosis was added to address concerns that bipolar disorder in children was being overdiagnosed.?? PMDD is a more severe form of premenstrual syndrome (PMS). The conditions are characterized by intense depression, anxiety, moodiness, and irritability related to the hormonal fluctuations throughout the menstrual cycle. PMDD previously appeared in Appendix B of the DSM-IV under Criteria Sets and Axes Provided for Further Study. In the DSM-5, PMDD appears in the depressive disorders section. Dysthymia Removed Another change addresses the way chronic depression is conceptualized and distinguished from episodic depression. Dysthymia (or dysthymic disorder) is now included under the umbrella of persistent depressive disorder (PDD).   Persistent depressive disorder also includes chronic major depression, which was added because researchers did not find a significant difference between dysthymia and chronic major depression.??   New Specifiers for Depression The  DSM-5 added new specifiers to further clarify depression diagnoses when applicable: with mixed features and with anxious distress.?? With mixed features: This new specifier allows for the presence of manic symptoms within a diagnosis of depression for patients who do not meet the full criteria for a hypomanic or manic episode (as in bipolar disorder).With anxious distress:  This specifier was added to account for the presence of anxiety with the potential to impact prognosis and treatment choices. What Is Depression With Mixed Features? Bereavement Exclusion Removed The DSM-5 removed what was known as the bereavement exclusion for major depressive episodes.?? In the past, depression symptoms lasting less than two months following the death of a loved one would have been classified as a major depressive episode.   The new edition of the DSM acknowledges that there is no scientifically valid reason for treating the grieving process any differently from other stressors that can trigger a depressive episode.??? Additionally, it acknowledges that symptoms of bereavement may last much longer than two months. In fact, losing a loved one can lead to depressive symptoms that last for years.   The new edition includes a detailed footnote to help clinicians distinguish between normal grief and a major depressive episode which can help them decide whether an individual would benefit from a specific treatment. A major depressive episode triggered by bereavement may respond to the same treatment used for other forms of depression, including medication, therapy, or a combination of the two interventions.   Grief vs. Depression How It All Fits Together Getting a diagnosis of depression is a multi-step process that often begins when someone notices they do not feel quite like themselves. In some cases, a persons friends and family may notice the subtle signs of depression first and encourage them to seek treatment. While its vital to work with a qualified medical and mental health professionals who can diagnose and treat depression, you might find it helpful to use patient-friendly online screening tools or quizzes to help assess your symptoms. Having this information on hand when you go to your doctor might make it easier to talk about how youre feeling. Difference Between Provisional and Differential Diagnoses Clinicians also use screening tools, questionnaires, and other tests to assess someone for depression. Many of these scales and checklists are similar, if not the same, as those patients can access online. Whats important to remember is that doctors and mental health professionals are specially trained to administer and interpret the results. After evaluating someones symptoms and comparing them to the diagnostic criteria for major depression laid out by the DSM-5, a provider might decide a person needs additional testing to rule out other possible causes for their symptoms (such as a medical condition or use of certain medications or substances). Establishing an accurate cause for a persons symptoms of depression is essential to ensuring that they receive the right treatment. While many conditions and lifestyle factors can cause a person to feel depressed, these causes may not respond to the same treatments. The updated DSM-5 introduced several subtle, but important, changes to the way doctors, mental health providers, and researchers approach depression. The updates were intended to help healthcare professionals make more timely and accurate diagnoses of depression, as well as inform their decisions about treatment.   The shift toward patient-centered approaches in health care, but especially mental health care, will also influence how the diagnostic process feels for patients. Ideally, the updates to the DSM-5 that support doctors and mental health professionals with diagnosis and treatment will have a positive impact on patient experience. Overall, these changes reflect the desire to improve outcomes for people with mental health disorders. A person needs a timely and accurate diagnosis, support, and access resources and treatment to manage depression effectively. Do You Know About All the Treatment Options for Depression?