Construction Waste Management Strategies

Construction Waste Management Strategies Introduction The construction sector is an important solid waste generator. In Brazil, the recent economic and politics growth has rapidly encouraged further development and investment in the construction sector. Nevertheless, such speedy growth of the Brazilian’s construction has brought an elevated concern and attention to the waste problem and its management for a developing country growth like Brazil. Nagalli, 2012 Like in Europe, Brazil has a compulsory regulation on construction projects to reduce the construction and demolition waste. The national laws obligate the builders to be responsible for the waste of their works. It is legally consolidated and requires the builders a proactive posture in sense to planning the waste management. Nagalli, 2012. The municipalities are the responsible party on the waste management in Brazil, except for the private investments such as (industries, private constructions or demolitions, etc.). Bà ¡ez et al. 2012. However, only (11) which presents (0.25%) of about 5000 Brazilian municipalities have construction and demolition (CD) waste recycling center As well as there are (13) stationary plants and recycling waste center produced in local communities. Therefore, it’s quite clear that a large part of the waste is not recycled in Brazil. It is also worth mentioning that since the established of CONAMA 2002 (Brazilian Environmental Protection Agency); things are moving better and all Brazilian local governments are nowadays obliged to prepare and adopt strategies for sustainable management of CD waste. MMA, 2002. All investors are obliged to produce feasibility studies plans of the production and use of construction and demolition (CD) wastes materials of each project. Notwithstanding, a very little amount of researches have been conducted to demonstrate the feasibility of the construction and demolition (CD) waste recycling centers. Professional inquiries illustrated that private projec ts which produces 20 tons per hour (t/h) or less of CD waste processing flow will probably not be met financially to continue, due to the low productivity and lack manufactured product prices, as the use of manufactured products are still not widespread so the investment in recycling on large scale with complex facilities centers will not be cost-effective neither. 02 Feasibility Analysis : Many studies and researches are taken place to develop plans for the feasibility study for the complex projects and the (CD) waste recycling centers in Brazil. One of this study was by UNIDO (1987), which presented a structural model for feasibility studies to complex projects, including a huge investments from different sources of funding and simplify the study and structure then adding control elements described by another important study from Kohler (1997), the following main stages were identified in preliminary feasibility studies for construction and demolition (CD) waste recycling centers as follows: Analysis of market needs and the amount of existing competition from different sources. Depends on the geographical location of the center. Assessment and estimated of waste generation. Depends on the geographical location of the center. The estimated incomes and cost from the construction and demolition waste. Investment analysis in construction and demolition waste field. Market Competition study analysis: There are plentiful resources for civil construction combining several elements in Brazil. The main consumer construction and demolition waste centers are located in areas with good and convenient quality of different reserves. According to DNPM (2003), â€Å"sand and gravel are low in price and produced in large quantities. Transport costs correspond to around 2/3 of the end price of the product, which make it necessary to produce sand and gravel as near as possible to the consumer market, which are the urban agglomerates†. In Brazil, which is one of the developing countries, the rate of consumption is estimated at approximately (2) tons /inhabitant a year. Sindipedras (2004). Comparing that figure with Europe countries, we found that Brazil has low consumption where the average consumption in Europe reaches (8-10) tons/inhabitant a year. Taking into account that the population in Brazil is about (180 million) IBGE(2000), so the total consumption estimated to nearly (270) tons a year about (175) million cubic meter. Table no.1: The rate of construction aggregates prices without transport.( SINDIBRITA.2004). Aggregates Aggregate grading Prices (excl. taxes) ( Prices (incl.taxes) (diameter in mm) (GBP $/m ³) (GBP $/t) (GBP $/m ³) (GBP $/t) Sands 3.10 1.80 4.00 2.35 Stone powders 3.10 2.00 4.00 2.55 Gravel 0, 1, 2, 3 from 5.0 to 75.0 3.80 2.60 4.85 3.36 Mixed Gravel from 5.0 to 55.0 3.10 1.75 4.00 2.27 ESTIMATED PRODUCTION OF CD WASTE We should know the productivity and collection of (CD) waste to find out the needs and the interest of developing and establishing recycling centers. From Table no.2 below, estimates from the production and collection of construction and demolition (CD) waste in some of the main Brazilian Cities: Table 2: Estimative for production / collection of CD waste in some Brazilian cities (Nunes, 2004) Cities Estimative of CD waste Year- Population (IBGE, Production per inhabitant (kg/inhab.day) Collection per inhabitant Produced Collected 2000) (kg/inhab.day) Riode Janeiro n/a 1,100 2003 5,850,000 n/a 0.20 Salvador n/a. 2,750 2000 2,450,000 n/a 1.15 Sà £o Paulo 16,000 3,400 2001 10,440,000 1.55 0.40 Ribeirà £o Preto 1,100 200 2003 505,000 2.00 0.55 Sà £o Josà © 740 n/a 1995 540,000 1.50 n/a Piracicaba 635 n/a. 2003 330,000 1.88 n/a Vinhedo n/a. 10 2003 48,000 n/a 0.32 Guarulhos n/a. n/a. 1,100,000 n/a n/a Ribeirà £o Pires n/a. n/a. 105,000 n/a. n/a Sà £o Josà © do Rio Preto 690 n/a. 1996 360,000 1.92 n/a Santo Andrà © 1,000 n/a 1996 650,000 1.56 n/a. Belo Horizonte n/a. 2,300 2000 2,240,000 n/a 1.05 Londrina 1,300 n/a 2003 450,000 2.86 n/a Brasà ­lia n/a. n/a 2,055,000 n/a n/a Macaà © 40 2003 133,000 n/a 0.34 Florianà ³polis 635 n/a 2001 286,000 2.23 n/a Averages 2.00 0.65 The Rio de Janeiro city estimates a collection of 1,100 ton/day (0.20 kg/inhabitant .day), an amount below the average in other cities under study. The reason that some municipalities are less than the average for the disposal of waste is the illegal and calculated within the general waste in official statistical tables. IBGE (2000) ESTIMATED REVENUES AND COSTS In Brazil, the equipment used in the (CD) waste recycling center requires large investment. Most equipment used in the mining sector, which is one of the largest and powerful sector in Brazil, this was calculated when analysis or estimate the profits and benefits of investment. The Table no.3 below shows the form of the fixed capital investment required for (20) tons/hour which we can call it as a small center and (100) tons/hour as a medium center depending on the size of the production and the new or used equipment. It’s possible to add some cost with equipment and site, the costs with site acquisition, transportation and the way of disposal the recycling center rejects. Nunes (2004) Through consultations to many professionals, it was found that the minimum size of a site for  a recycling center would be: (a) 6.000 m ² the appropriate area for the (20) tons/hour recycling centers; (b) 30.000 m ² area for the (100) tons/hour recycling centers. Table 3: Investment in fixed capital and the operational costs (summary). SINDIBRITA (2004). Operational Costs Fixed Costs CONCLUSION: The Brazilian civil construction’s aggregates are available in wide range with good quality and close to the urban consumer centers. It’s worth mentioning that both aggregates as well as several new construction projects prices have been low for some time. Hence, and in order to attract more clients and bring better attention to such industry, the prices of the recycled aggregates must be competitive with the natural aggregates. Meanwhile, the (CD) waste reception as well as the recycling centers has to compete with the landfills. According to the Brazilian state-of-art, large amounts of inert material are usually needed to cover the landfill cells. The material is also required to build the access roads and maneuvering areas for the waste collection trucks on the landfills. Therefore, the inert landfills do set as high competitors with recycling centers in relation to reception of (CD) waste. It was therefore recommended that two different recycling centers’ pro jects should be analyzed in order to capitalize and boost such industry forward: one, a small scale (20 t/h), and the other midsize (100 t/h) with the assumption of the use of processed products and the absence of (CD) waste recycling projects in the country due to the lack of such industry tradition, the feasibility of future private recycling centers will initially be somewhere between the two aforementioned capacities. Nunes (2004) References: Andrà © Nagalli , (2012) â€Å"Quantitative Method for Estimating Construction Waste Generation† Bà ¡ez AG, Sà ¡ez PV, Merino MR, Navarro JG (2012). Waste Management. MMA (Ministry of the Environment) (2002) CONAMA Resolution no. 307. UNIDO (United Nations Industrial Development Organization) (1987). Kohler, G. (1997), Practice of Recycling: Construction Materials. CONAMA 2002(Brazilian Environmental Protection Agency). Ângulo, S. C. (2002) (Development of new markets for the recycling of CD waste). DNPM (National Department for Mineral Research) (2006). Sindipedra (Federation of the Gravel Mining Industry of the State of Sà £o Paulo) (2004). IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics) (2000)

Green Days by the River

How would you feel if you were put in the position of having to choose between attending school and getting an education over working so that you can help your family circumstances? Shell, a fifteen year old boy had made a decision to work instead of attending school and obtain an education. Why do you think a boy that young will choose to work? Shell chose to work because he is helping out his mother as she is the only one in the family who is doing well other than himself. His father is ill as he was put to bed rest. Shell has made a commitment to work on a plantation with Mr. Gidaharee and also he has gotten a second job at a coco plantation to help out his family circumstances by being another member in the family who can support financially. Do you think that was a good choice that Shell made? I believe that the role of a fifteen year old has a right to attend school and obtain an education but also I believe that a fifteen year old has a right to help out his or her family circumstances. You must be thinking which one I agree with the most. Well I agree with working to help your family circumstances. If Shell does not help out financially then where will that put his family? In this case as I mentioned before Shell is a fifteen year old boy who has chosen to work over obtaining an education to help out his family, especially his mother financially. I agree with the statement fully as it is a family circumstance. With Shell being able to work, he is able to help out his family tremendously especially his mother who was the only one working. He is making it easier for his mother by bringing in money to support her, his sick father, and himself. Many people think that if a teenager drops out of school due to family circumstances that they will not be successful in life. I do not believe in that statement due to the fact Shell can always attempt to go back to school. He can work for about 5 years and help support his family to get them on a good financial level and once completing that task he can go back to school and get his education. Shell was not forced to work he has come upon himself and chosen to work to help out his family. This shows Shell to be very caring for his family and also shows the maturity that Shell has. With Shell working do you think his mother appreciates him working and not obtaining an education? I think that his mother appreciates and puts a smile on her face because it is less stressful for her. If Shell did not work she would have to work to bring money into the home and also take care of Shells’ father. I believe that Shell has made a good decision in helping out his family even though he is only a fifteen year old boy. Who knows it may just work out for him and he may be able to get his education later on in life. I also believe that Shell would do anything in his power to help out his family. He will continue working with Mr. Gidahree at his plantation and also working at his second job at the coco plantation to help his family circumstances.

Payment Method Presentation Essay

I would like to welcome you to my presentation of the Payment methods there are as in the Capitation Cycles and the fee-for-service .There will be a part on the relationship among provider, patient, and their roles in each of the processes. I hope to be able to show how in the aspect of the relationship among the Providers, the patient, and the most important one of the entire payer due to if there was no payer then there would be no need for a physician medical billing department to do their billing. The involving of merging would not take place if we didn’t have the patients or even the provider. Capitation, Is if the Doctor has 500 patients and sees only 400 0f those patients with a period of a time he still gets paid for the 500 patients. In the aspect of the patient it could be looked at as a way of even if he doesn’t make the appointment the provider still gets paid by the insurance plan. When the capitation payment is used the financial risk for care of the patient is transferred to the medical system, this payment method only works if the physician and the hospital are integrated either by a contract or an organization with a population that is sufficient for medical serves that are utilized. The population has to have a reasonable degree of certainty that must be met for this type of health care to work. With thios one the quality of care does not provide the patients with much quality of care There are 6 steps to a methodology for putting together and establishing the rate of the capitation payments are; Determine the delivery system cost base, Develop use rates, Calculate capitation rates, Adjust the rates, for when the impact of the incremental volume, Talking about the upcoming contract to avoid any mistaken part of the contract that could happen, Keep watch on how the performance of the cycle goes. Fee-for-service is where the patient or the insurance that they have pays for all services separately as in the appointments, tests, or another type of medical that is needed. Most of the patients that have this type submit a claim to their insurance so they can be reimbursed for what they paid for  the services. This has a higher payment for the patient as in a higher copayment or higher deductibles.

Coordinated Market Economy - 17621 Words

MPIfG Discussion Paper 04/5 Varieties of Capitalism and Institutional Complementarities in the Macroeconomy An Empirical Analysis Peter A. Hall and Daniel W. Gingerich Peter A. Hall is Krupp Foundation Professor of European Studies and the Director of the Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies at Harvard University. Daniel W. Gingerich is a Graduate Associate of the Weatherhead Center for International Affairs and a Ph. D. candidate in the Department of Government at Harvard University. Peter A. Hall phall@fas.harvard.edu Daniel W. Gingerich gingeric@fas.harvard.edu Peter A. Hall and Daniel W. Gingerich Varieties of Capitalism and Institutional Complementarities in the Macroeconomy: An Empirical Analysis MPIfG†¦show more content†¦This question has been central to comparative political economy for many years. However, most answers to it focus on institutions in a single sphere of the political economy. In economics, there are large but separate literatures on labor and financial markets. One explores the impact of labor regulations, social regimes, and trade unions on growth or unemployment (Nickell 1997; OECD 1994; Calmfors/ Driffil 1988). The other considers the effects of accounting standards, the legal standing of owners or creditors, ownership patterns, and equity or bank-based finance on levels of investment or growth (Carlin/Mayer 1999a, 1999b; LaPorta et al. 1998a; Huang/Xu 1999; Mayer 1996). A similar separation is evident in political science. Although neocorporatism can be defined in broad terms (cf. Katzenstein 1985; Schmitter/Lehmbruch 1978), analyses of its economic impact usually focus on the organization of the trade union movement, considering its interactio n mainly with the partisanship of governance (Cameron 1984; Alvarez et al. 1991; Garrett 1999).1 An entirely different literature examines the structure of financial systems (Verdier 2000; Cox 1986; Zysman 1984).2 However, there are good reasons to expect interaction effects among institutions across spheres of the political economy. In recent years, significant interaction effects have been found between monetary institutions and those governingShow MoreRelated Varieties of Capitalism Essay2378 Words   |  10 Pagesdistinguished and identified two types of coordination - Liberal Market Economies (LMEs) and Coordinated Market Economies (CMEs), in which competitive markets are dominant in LMES while CMEs are mainly based on strategic interaction. 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Personal Growth And Preparation For Future Goals - 990 Words

Kids these days are involved in numerous sports. Therefore, lots of time is spent practicing. A number of people believe children are too focused on sports and not focused enough on anything else. Young athletes are pushing themselves to become superior everyday; they are spending a large amount of time on the court, the field, or the track. Every year, there are younger children getting involved with sports. Certain people find that it is too much for such young kids. Therefore the criticism towards intensely focused athletes can be overcome by understanding its benefits for personal growth and preparation for future goals. The problem multiple children are facing today is the criticism from adults because they choose to be involved in multiple sports. They make sure that they are spending enough time practicing so they can be perfect. When they practice too much is when people begin to talk. Others believe that these children are spending too much time practicing sports and not enough time focusing on other subjects in their life. They only see them when they are at practice or tournaments, what they don’t witness is when they are at home doing their homework. They believe their life revolves around sports, when it doesn’t. Adults need to stop criticizing young athletes for doing what they desire and need to learn the benefits that they are gaining from the experiences they are receiving. 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Animal Testing Alternatives - 1085 Words

Although animal testing was a main component for the facilitation of medical research in the past, it is no longer necessary due to the option of alternate testing methods. Animals that fall victim to the mercy of animal research are subject to experimentation for the purpose of manufacturing harmless products (McKnight 2). Cell cultures, the MIMIC system, TraumaMan, in vitro, and human volunteers are substitutes for this inhumane procedure (Sullivan 4; â€Å"PCRM Scientists Educate† 10). Animal testing is a cruel, outmoded method that sacrifices the lives of innocent animals, despite the availability of humane alternatives. In the twenty-first century, it is illegal for humans to be guinea pigs for research unless they volunteer themselves. On†¦show more content†¦The brain of a human is more complex than that of an animal, but the limbic system of the animal brain and the amygdala of the human brain make it possible for both species to experience emotional conditions such as empathy, happiness, and fear. The reaction of fear was evident in the eyes and distress calls of cattle who were being forced onto tables, tortured, and murdered by the Australian experimenters who decided that the cattle had outlived their utility in an uncovered video dating back to June of 2011 (Park 2). In addition, these creatures’ feelings are linked to their facial expressions like humans. According to Nature Methods, the wincing and flinching a mouse displays while enduring the side effects of having its tail seared by boiling, hot water is similar to the pain response of Homo Sapiens (Ferdowsian 1). 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The report then explores the positive and negative medical aspect of animal experimentation stating that it has resulted in vital vaccines benefitting both humans and animals, but also accepting it is not always reliable. The advantages and disadvantages of animal testing on consumerRead MoreAnimal Testing is Necessary, but Should All Testing of Pharmaceuticals be Carried Out on Animals?869 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Animals have been used for pharmaceutical testing throughout history. The Greeks in early BC were the first to carry out animal testing using live animals to test experiments and different medicines on. (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_animal_testing) Animal testing has provided many positives to human lives but is still a controversial issue. Some people believe that animal testing is unnecessary and alternatives should be considered. Others believe animal testing is essential to

Contraband free essay sample

Try as I might I cannot imagine Axl Rose in place of Scott Weiland or the DeLeos and Eric Kretz stepping in for Slash, Duff, Matt Sorum and Dave Kushner. This speaks volumes for the gritty and hard-rocking Velvet Revolver. They are the real deal, an unlikely combination of proven musicians coming together in an era when rock ’n’ roll is more often than not pretty-boy pop ’n’ roll. The newly formed rock band adopted the Velvet Revolver name in the midst of yet another drug possession bust for Weiland. Before unleashing an album of new material (â€Å"Contraband†), the band promoted the single â€Å"Slither,† which was popular and the perfect foundation to prove there is no question about the relevance of its band. This isn’t sweet, sticky, no guts rock ’n’ roll, it is the dirty rock I so loved from both STP and GNR. And regardless of whether you like STP or respect their work, there is nothing negative to be said about Weiland. We will write a custom essay sample on Contraband or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He is still a quintessential rock vocalist one of the few recording today. â€Å"Contraband† doesn’t come as any surprise to me. It’s loud, it’s fun, and it is exceptionally high-quality rock. Weiland’s growl melds perfectly with the heavier slant of his bandmates, particularly Slash’s awesome guitar. I’m not sure if I dreamt a band could have done any better than these five. GNR meets STP? What’s better than that? â€Å"Slither† is the first single but it’s surprisingly buried as the eleventh song, which is actually a very smart move since listeners are more likely to hear the first ten. Plus, it shows that the band has confidence in their other material. As it is, â€Å"Slither† is a grinding, slow-burning, radio-ready track. The rhythms and melodies are memorable, but it is the great pairing of Weiland’s vocals and yelping with Slash’s typical licks that makes it original and entertaining. As much as I like â€Å"Slither,† and despite the fact that I would have purchased â€Å"Contraband† regardless of reviews, I still love the album. â€Å"Slither† is just the tip of the iceberg. Velvet Revolver is both hard and soft. I really like that they aren’t afraid of the occasional guitar solo and don’t shy away from showing emotion. I think the band shines most brilliantly at these moments of softness. â€Å"Fall to Pieces† is a stirring, superb song unlike anything I’ve heard Weiland sing. His voice is reined in by the delicate, intricate guitar work. It is at points like this that it seems as if the stars meant for Weiland to end up with what remains of GNR. â€Å"You Got No Right† is a slightly psychedelic, wonderfully textured selection. It’s not as sure-footed as some, but it’s still incredible and shows great command. Oh, and Slash gives a great guitar solo toward the end. How I miss the days of the gratuitous guitar solo! I get the feeling that all five band members were looking to pay homage to the rock gods of the past while carving out a more comfortable niche. This may not be ground-breaking, but there is zero question that Velvet Revolver’s â€Å"Contraband† is an excellent example of modern hard rock. It is as much as I’d hoped for, nothing more and nothing less.